Room 101

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Gilad Bracha's blog. A place to be (re)educated in Newspeak

The Language Designer’s Dilemma

Last week I was at lang.net 09 and DSL Dev Con. It was great fun, as always. The best talk was by Erik Meijer. Use the link to see it - but without live video of Erik in action, you can't really understand what it was like. Such is performance art.

I also gave a talk, and there were many others, but that is not the point of this post. Rather, this post was prompted by one specific, and excellent, talk - Lars Bak’s presentation on V8. Lars clearly enjoyed his visit to the lion’s den; more importantly, perhaps Microsoft will finally shake off their apparent paralysis and produce a competitive Javascript engine.

That, in turn, will make it possible to distribute serious applications targeting the web browser, with the knowledge that all major browsers have performant Javascript engines that can carry the load.

It’s all part of the evolution of the web browser into an OS. This was what Netscape foresaw back in 1995. And it is a perfect example of innovator’s dilemma.

Innovator’s dilemma applies very directly to programming languages, and Todd Proebsting already discussed this back in 2002.

To recap, the basic idea is that established players in a market support sustaining innovation but not disruptive innovation. Examples of sustaining innovation would be the difference between Windows 2000 and Windows XP, or between Java 1.0 thru Java 6.
Sustaining innovations are gradual improvements and refinements - some improvement in performance, or some small new feature etc.

Disruptive innovation tends to appear “off the radar” of the established players. It is often inferior to the established product in many ways. It tends to start in some small niche where it happens to work better than the established technology. The majors ignore it, as it clearly can’t handle the “real” problems they are focused on. Over time, the new technology grows more competent and eats its way upward, consuming the previous market leader’s lunch.

We’ve seen this happen many times before. Remember Sun workstations? PCs came in and took over that market. Sun retreated to the server business, and PC’s chase it up towards the high end of that market, until there’s nowhere left to run.

In the programming language space, take Ruby as an example. Ruby is slow, until quite recently lacked IDE support etc. It’s easy for the Javanese to dismiss it. Over time, such technology can evolve to be much faster, have better tooling etc. And so it may grow into Java’s main market.

Don’t believe me? Java in 1995 was just a language for writing applets. It’s performance was poorer than Smalltalk’s, and nowhere near that of C++. There were no IDEs. Who's laughing now?

Javascript is an even clearer case in point. It was just a scripting language for web browsers. Incredibly slow implementations, restricted to interacting with the just the browser. No debuggers, no tools, no software engineering support to speak of.

Then V8 came along and showed people that it can be much faster. Lars’ has doubled performance since the release in September, and expects to double it again within a year, and again 2-3 years after that.

Javascript security and modularity are evolving as well. By the time that’s done, I suspect it will far outstrip clunky packaging mechanisms like OSGi. This doesn’t mean you have to write everything in Javascript - I don’t believe in a monolingual world.

Tangent: Yes, I did spend ten years at Sun. A lot of it was spent arguing that Java was not the final step in the evolution of programming languages. I guess I’m just not very persuasive.

The web browser itself is one of the most disruptive technologies in computing. It is poised to become the OS. Javascript performance is an essential ingredient but there are others. SVG provides a graphics model. HTML 5 brings with it persistent storage - a file system, as it were - only better. You may recall that Vista was supposed to have a database like file system. Vista didn’t deliver, but web browsers will.

This trend seems to make the traditional OS irrelevant. Who cares what’s managing the disk drive? It’s just some commoditized component, like a power supply. We can already see how netbooks are prospering. This isn’t good news for Windows.

Of course, you might ask why Microsoft would go along with this? Is IE’s Javascript so inadequate on purpose? Maybe it is part of the master plan? Well, I don’t believe in conspiracy theories.

It does look as if Microsoft is facing a lose-lose proposition. Making IE competitive supports the movement toward a web-browser-as-OS world. Conversely, if they let IE languish, as they have, they can expect its market share to continue to drop.

However, you cannot stop the trend toward the Web OS by making your tools inferior. You can only compete by innovating, not by standing still.

I wouldn’t count Redmond out just yet. They have huge assets - a terrific research lab, armies of smart people in product land as well, market dominance, and vast amounts of money. They also have huge liabilities of course - and those add up to innovator’s dilemma.

In any case, for language implementors, it’s clear that one needs to be able to compile to the internet platform and Javascript is its assembly language. Web programming will evolve into general purpose programming, using the persistent storage provided by the browser to function off line as well as online.

As many readers of this blog will recognize, this sets the stage for the brave new world of objects as software services. I hope to bring Newspeak to the point where it is an ideal language for this coming world. It’s a bit difficult with the very limited resources at our disposal, but we are making progress.

The entire progression from conventional computing to the world of the Web OS is taking longer than one expects, but is happening. The time will come when we hit the tipping point, and things will change very rapidly.